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The BaaS Index

Live intelligence on the BaaS ecosystem — regulatory sentiment, deal velocity, market structure, and cycle position. Live metrics update with every pipeline run. Editorial layer updated quarterly.

Market cycle position
Live
01
Expansion
02
Peak
03
Consolidation
04
Recovery

Consolidation. Q1 2026 recorded 41 deals, the lowest quarterly volume since Q2 2023 (42 deals) and a 18% decline from Q4 2025's 50 deals, confirming sustained contraction in commercial activity. Simultaneously, enforcement actions continued to accumulate — the registry now tracks 70 active orders with an average resolution time of 28 months — while 14 entities (7% of the registry) sit inactive, including multiple former BaaS sponsor banks that completed wind-downs. The market is firmly in consolidation: surviving players are absorbing regulatory costs and tightening operations, but deal flow has not yet shown signs of a recovery inflection.

Next update: Q2 2026 · April 1, 2026--:--:-- UTC
Q1 2026 · EditorialWhat changed this quarter
Deal volume hits post-2023 low at 41 transactions — Q1 2026 recorded just 41 deals, down from 50 in Q4 2025 and marking the weakest quarter since Q2 2023. All deal categories contracted year-over-year: partnerships fell 56%, funding dropped 58%, product launches declined 93%, and M&A registered zero transactions — a complete shutout for the first time in the dataset. The breadth of the decline across every deal type signals structural demand suppression, not seasonal variation.
CFPB enforcement apparatus effectively shuttered — In February 2025, CFPB Acting Director Vought issued a stop-work order, placed staff on administrative leave, and terminated probationary employees, halting the agency's enforcement and supervision pipeline. The downstream effects became visible through Q1 2026 as the CFPB's role as the leading BaaS-adjacent enforcer (30 actions, 15% of all tracked) was functionally suspended. This regulatory vacuum has not been filled by other agencies, creating uncertainty about consumer protection oversight in bank-fintech arrangements.
Enforcement inventory reaches 70 active orders with 28-month average resolution — The enforcement table shows 70 active orders outstanding, with critical-severity actions against entities like Evolve Bank & Trust, Blue Ridge Bank, and Paytm Payments Bank persisting well beyond initial timelines. The 28-month average resolution duration for consent orders indicates that remediation cycles are lengthy and resource-intensive. For Q1 2025 specifically, enforcement actions were concentrated on OCC (Patriot Bank formal agreement), NYDFS (PayPal and Block consent orders), California DFPI (Hatch Bank), and Turkey's TCMB (PayFix, Aypara, and Ininal license actions) — a pattern that persisted into the quarters that followed.
BaaS Provider share rises to 39% of registry as banks and open banking shrink — The composition table shows pure BaaS Providers now represent 39% of tracked entities, up from 34% in 2024 and 35% in 2022. Meanwhile, the hybrid BaaS Provider / Bank category fell to 6% (from 8% in 2024), and Open Banking platforms declined to 11% (from 14%). This shift reflects both the exit of traditional banks from BaaS sponsorship — Blue Ridge, Metropolitan Commercial, and Five Star all completed wind-downs — and the consolidation of infrastructure around dedicated middleware providers.
Turkey's EMI crackdown and Lithuania's license revocations signal global tightening — In Q1 2025, Turkey's TCMB revoked EMI licenses for PayFix and Aypara while suspending Ininal and placing BankPozitiv under state trusteeship, all linked to illegal gambling and money laundering facilitation. Concurrently, the Bank of Lithuania revoked the license of Alternative Payments for 10 regulatory violations. These actions, which set the enforcement tone carried into Q1 2026, demonstrate that non-US regulators are matching or exceeding US enforcement intensity on payment institution oversight.
Entities tracked
199
222 this quarter
Active enforcement
88
Active orders
Deals this quarter
222
↑ 3% QoQ
Capital raised YTD
$6.0B
YTD funding
Inactive entities
14
7% of registry
Avg order resolution
19mo
Consent orders
01
Regulatory tracker
Live · from trackerView all →
Active enforcement orders 88
InstitutionRegulatorIssuedActiveSev.
Brazil · Extrajudicial Liquidation
Banco Central do BrasilAug 20260mocritical
Fine
FinCENAug 20260mocritical
Fine
FinCENAug 20261mocritical
New York, New York · Civil Money Penalty
FinCENAug 20261mocritical
Consent Order
FinCENAug 20261mocritical
Civil Money Penalty
FinCENAug 20261mocritical
New Delhi, India · Licence Cancellation / Court-Ordered Winding Up
RBIJul 20261mocritical
Greece · Suspension of Authorization
Bank of GreeceJul 20261mocritical
Noida, India · Licence Revocation
RBIApr 20264mocritical
Memphis, Tennessee · Civil Penalty Fund Allocation
CFPBDec 20258mocritical
Enforcement trend 2022–2026
Year
Volume
Count
YoY
2022
13
Base
2023
11
-15%
2024
23
+109%
2025
34
+48%
2026 YTD
121
→121
Regulator breakdown
OCC15%
CFPB9%
FDIC8%
RBI8%
FCA7%
FinCEN6%

Regional reading. The US remains the most heavily tracked market at 76 entities (100% index weight), but deal flow contraction and the CFPB's operational pause have created a supervisory gap that state regulators like NYDFS and California DFPI are only partially filling.

02
Deal velocity
Live · from deal feedView all →
Partnership Q3 2026
137
New bank-fintech partnerships
17% QoQ · 552% YoY
Funding Q3 2026
27
BaaS provider rounds closed
36% QoQ · 238% YoY
M&A Q3 2026
30
Acquisitions and mergers
11% QoQ · 2900% YoY
Quarterly deal volume — rolling 3 years
Quarter
Deals
QoQ
Q3 2023
61
Q4 2023
57
-7%
Q1 2024
69
+21%
Q2 2024
41
-41%
Q3 2024
45
+10%
Q4 2024
63
+40%
Q1 2025
47
-25%
Q2 2025
50
+6%
Q3 2025
44
-12%
Q4 2025
49
+11%
Q1 2026
41
-16%
Q2 2026
215
+424%
Q3 2026
222
+3% · Peak

Reading. Dedicated BaaS Providers now constitute 39% of tracked entities, up 5 percentage points from 2024, as traditional banks exit sponsorship roles — Blue Ridge Bank, Metropolitan Commercial Bank, Five Star Bank, and Lewis & Clark Bank all moved to inactive or wind-down status. The simultaneous decline of the hybrid BaaS Provider / Bank model (from 8% to 6%) and Open Banking platforms (from 14% to 11%) suggests the market is bifurcating into specialized infrastructure providers on one side and regulated banks that strictly limit third-party exposure on the other.

03
Market structure
Editorial · Q1 2026
Regional coverage Live from registry
US
The US remains the most heavily tracked market at 76 entities (100% index weight), but deal flow contraction and the CFPB's operational pause have created a supervisory gap that state regulators like NYDFS and California DFPI are only partially filling.
76 entities
Hot
UK
The UK's 30 tracked entities (39% of index) face forward pressure from the FCA's PS25/12 safeguarding rules published in Q3 2025, with a May 2026 compliance deadline that will test payment institution capital adequacy through Q1 2026 preparation cycles.
30 entities
Growing
EU
The EU cohort of 32 entities (42%) continues to see enforcement-driven attrition — Lithuania alone has revoked multiple EMI licenses across recent quarters, and BaFin's extended special monitor over Solaris remains in effect, constraining new BaaS client onboarding in Germany.
32 entities
Growing
MENA
MENA's 20 tracked entities (26%) are overshadowed by Turkey's aggressive TCMB enforcement sweep that removed or suspended four EMI operators in Q1 2025, signaling that the region's rapid payments digitization is meeting regulatory friction.
20 entities
Stable
APAC
APAC's 24 entities (32%) remain shaped by the RBI's ongoing restrictions on Paytm Payments Bank (active since Q1 2024) and Hong Kong's new stablecoin licensing framework, which imposed application deadlines effective from Q3 2025.
24 entities
Growing
LATAM
LATAM's 15 tracked entities (20%) represent the smallest regional cohort, though Brazil's Central Bank tightened Pix security requirements in Q3 2025, adding compliance costs for fintechs and payment institutions operating in the region's largest instant payments network.
15 entities
Stable
Who is doing BaaS 2022 → 2026
Entity type202220242026Δ
Bank31%31%31%
BaaS Provider35%34%39%
BaaS Provider / Bank7%8%6%
BaaS Provider / EMI10%10%12%
Open Banking15%14%11%

Structural, not cyclical. Dedicated BaaS Providers now constitute 39% of tracked entities, up 5 percentage points from 2024, as traditional banks exit sponsorship roles — Blue Ridge Bank, Metropolitan Commercial Bank, Five Star Bank, and Lewis & Clark Bank all moved to inactive or wind-down status. The simultaneous decline of the hybrid BaaS Provider / Bank model (from 8% to 6%) and Open Banking platforms (from 14% to 11%) suggests the market is bifurcating into specialized infrastructure providers on one side and regulated banks that strictly limit third-party exposure on the other.

Registry status Live
Active
85% · 170
Under scrutiny
8% · 15
Inactive
7% · 14
04
The failure record
Permanent archive · Never removed

Every collapse, wind-down, acquisition, and near-failure. 7% of entities that entered the BaaS market are now inactive. Entries are never removed.

Collapse · Bankruptcy
Lewis & Clark Bank
WARNING: Exiting BaaS after Solid's bankruptcy; being acquired by Maps Credit Union in 2025; $342M assets.
2023
US
Wind-down · Regulatory
Five Star Bank
WARNING: Voluntarily exited BaaS September 2024 citing regulatory uncertainty; had 12 BaaS partnerships; $6.1B assets.
2022
US
Wind-down · Regulatory
Blue Ridge Bank
WARNING: Fully exited BaaS at end of 2024. Had ~70 fintech partnerships at peak. CEO Billy Beale: 'We just threw BaaS out the door.' Consent order terminated Nov 2025. Now a traditional community bank
2020
US
Acquired
Grasshopper Bank
Being acquired by Enova International (NYSE: ENVA) for ~$369M — announced Dec 2025. Expected close H1 2026 pending regulatory approval. ~$3B deposits. BaaS program status post-acquisition uncertain.
2019
US
Acquired
Bond Financial Technologies
Acquired by FIS (June 2023). Now operates as 'Atelio by FIS.' Co-founder Roy Ng became EVP. ~30 employees absorbed. Not independently shut down — strategic acquisition into FIS.
2019
US
Collapse · Bankruptcy
Intergiro Intl AB
WARNING: Intergiro's EMI license was revoked on June 18 2025 for extensive AML/CFT compliance failures. Filed for bankruptcy July 31 2025 resulting in ~111 job losses. Had reached €20M ARR before clos
2019
SE
Collapse · Bankruptcy
Okra Inc.
WARNING: Okra ceased all operations in May 2025 after five years as a pioneering open banking API provider in Nigeria. Shutdown attributed to naira depreciation making USD cloud costs unsustainable an
2019
NG
Collapse · Bankruptcy
Solid Financial Technologies
WARNING: Filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy April 2025. Plan of Liquidation confirmed Nov 2025. Raised $81M at $330M valuation (2022). Partner bank Lewis & Clark terminated relationship. Major BaaS failure a
2018
US
Collapse · Bankruptcy
BBVA Open Platform Inc.
WARNING: BBVA Open Platform was shut down following PNC's acquisition of BBVA USA in June 2021. Originally launched as the first full BaaS platform in the US. PNC renamed it PNC Open Platform Inc. and
2018
US
Collapse · Bankruptcy
Volt Bank
WARNING: Collapsed June 2022. Returned all $107M deposits to ~5,730 customers. First entity to receive APRA Restricted ADI license (2018). Unable to secure funding amid 2022 market disruption. Entered
2017
AU
Acquired
Pismo
Acquired by Visa for $1B cash (announced June 2023, completed 2024). Cloud-native core banking and card issuer processing platform. Supports Pix in Brazil. Now expanding globally as Visa subsidiary.
2016
BR
Collapse · Bankruptcy
Synapse Financial Technologies
WARNING: Filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy April 2024. $65M–$96M in customer funds missing. Bankruptcy case dismissed Nov 2025. CFPB allocated $46.2M to reimburse victims (Nov 2025). Industry-defining colla
2014
US
Acquired
Currencycloud
Acquired by Visa (completed 2021). Now operates as Visa subsidiary. Cross-border payment APIs and FX infrastructure. Powers international payments for banks, fintechs, and businesses.
2012
UK
Wind-down · Regulatory
Metropolitan Commercial Bank
NYSE: MCB. Successfully exited 22-year-old BaaS business by end of 2024. Also exited crypto sector in 2023 after Voyager Digital issues. Now focused on commercial banking. No longer offers BaaS.
2002
US
05
Forward signals — Q2 2026
Editorial · Updated quarterly
Risk · Critical
CFPB supervisory vacuum may persist through mid-2026

The February 2025 stop-work order effectively froze CFPB enforcement and rulemaking. With no indication of restored capacity in the data, bank-fintech arrangements that previously fell under CFPB oversight — including earned wage access, deposit account practices, and remittance compliance — may operate in a supervisory gap. State regulators like NYDFS are stepping up, but their jurisdiction is geographically limited.

Watch · Regulatory
FCA safeguarding rules deadline approaches May 2026

The FCA's PS25/12 policy statement, published in Q3 2025, mandates strengthened safeguarding requirements for authorized payment institutions and e-money institutions by May 7, 2026. UK-based BaaS providers and EMIs will need to demonstrate compliance in the coming quarter, potentially driving capital raises, operational restructuring, or market exits among undercapitalized players.

Emerging · Regional
True lender doctrine faces pivotal court tests

The Tenth Circuit's Q4 2025 ruling applying Colorado usury limits to out-of-state bank loans, combined with the California DFPI's ongoing OppFi/FinWise true lender case (where a February 2026 summary judgment reportedly favored OppFi), signals that the legal framework for bank-fintech lending partnerships remains deeply unsettled. Outcomes in these cases will directly determine the viability of interest rate exportation models used by major BaaS lending programs.

Risk · Critical
Zero M&A activity may signal pricing dislocation

Q1 2026 recorded no M&A transactions — a first in the dataset — despite multiple distressed assets on the market (Solid's confirmed liquidation, Grasshopper Bank's pending acquisition by Enova). The complete absence of M&A suggests either buyer-seller valuation gaps have widened or regulatory uncertainty is freezing acquisition due diligence. If deal flow does not recover in Q2 2026, further wind-downs of unacquired BaaS entities become likely.

Editorial · Sentiment summary · Q1 2026
The BaaS market enters 2026 in its deepest contraction since the post-2022 correction, with deal flow, M&A, and regulatory clarity all at cyclical lows.
CONTRACTING
Deal Flow Contraction
Q1 2026's 41 deals represent the lowest quarterly volume in nearly three years, with every deal category declining year-over-year by at least 56%. The complete absence of M&A activity is particularly notable given the number of distressed and wind-down entities in the registry.
FRAGMENTED
Regulatory Pressure Sustained but Fragmenting
Enforcement actions rose from 37 in 2024 to 65 in 2025, but the CFPB's operational freeze has shifted the locus of oversight to state regulators and non-US authorities. The 70 active orders with 28-month average resolution indicate that existing enforcement is slow to clear, creating persistent operational drag on affected entities.
RESTRUCTURING
Structural Consolidation Underway
With 14 entities (7%) now inactive and multiple banks having fully exited BaaS, the market is undergoing a structural shakeout that is concentrating activity among surviving dedicated providers. The rise of BaaS Providers to 39% of the registry, combined with bank exits, suggests the ecosystem is rebuilding around a narrower, more specialized set of infrastructure operators.
Next editorial updateQ2 2026 · April 1, 2026
Methodology
Live metrics derived from the baas.com registry (199 tracked entities), regulatory tracker, and deal feed. Updated every pipeline run. Editorial layer — cycle position, "what changed," composition analysis, forward signals, sentiment summary — updated quarterly. Enforcement counts reflect orders explicitly related to BaaS or fintech partnerships. Severity ratings are editorial assessments and do not reflect any official regulatory classification. Full disclaimer →
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